Group 8

Project Type: Burton Elementary School

Location: 876 Glenwood Avenue

Team Members: David Boley, Deneb Bosch, Nathen Miller, Thanh-An Sam

             The scope for the Burton Elementary School is defined herein on the basis of serving the functions of the school.  The use of a FAST Diagram has allowed us to fully understand the scope of the project by identifying the most important functions of the project and to further break them down into high order, secondary, and lower order functions.  The main function of constructing Burton Elementary School is to provide a safe and secure environment for the 450 students to receive their education.

The Ohio Schools Facilities Commission mandates allocated floor space requirements for classrooms and other features of the building such as the kitchen, gymnasium, auditorium, and restrooms facilities.  Chapter five of the Ohio Schools Facilities Commission (OSFC) specifies that academic core spaces for the appropriate schooling bracket should be equivalent to 900 sq.ft./25 students.  That equates to a total of 36 sq.ft./child for academic core space.  Additional allowance for space is added for the above mentioned items as interpreted from the OSFC specifications. 

The OSFC indicates that for a project of this magnitude, the funded building area shall not exceed 67, 950 sq./ft. but shall be greater than 52, 850 sq.ft..  Construction costs are indicated in the Chapter I Introduction: Cost information section and are specified as to not exceed $160.23/sq.ft.  for construction funding purposes.  Total funding values are specified as to not exceed $185.88/sq.ft.  With that stated the total budget for the Burton Element School is based upon the current area as shown in our preliminary design.  Currently the designed area of the school is 63,529 sq.ft. making the total budget for the construction costs equal to $10, 179,251.67.  This value increases to $11,808,770.52 for total cost of the building included all furnishing and fitout.

The duration of the Burton Elementary School construction will be nine months from the start of construction.  This duration is necessary to complete because of the building because it has been determined that the existing school will remain in place and operable during the construction period to allow the students to remain in school.  The building will be constructed on another location on the site during the school months.  Once construction is complete, the existing school can be demolished and access roads and parking lots can be installed during the summer months.  This will also allow the equipment from the existing school to be transferred into the new location during the summer and will allows the new school to be opened for the following fall.  

CM professionals are united with everyone in a nonadversary team structured to serve the needs of the project in order to have a success. Goals of CM are listed in the table below from most important to least important. In order to implement Value engineering, CM needs to know what the focus for the school project is. Safety will dictate how the school layout and placement of school should be.

Maximum Response	Minimum Response
*Safety/ Security of students and workers	Image/ performance
User comfort	Flexibility/ expandability of building
Energy/ O& M cost effectiveness	Capital cost effectiveness
Schedule	Site planning/ image
Operational Effectiveness	Community values
Environmental/ Locality

Having the ability to work with the designer and owner, CM can influence the conduciveness of site and building flow to achieve safety for the occupants. Providing a safe and secure environment for the students to interact with each other and productivity learn is a necessity. Building access must be taken with precaution to make sure the students are not at risk. The playground must be constructed away from the street to prevent students from running out into the streets. The designer has carefully planned out the traffic flow for the school to prevent pupils from being hit by automobiles. Most importantly, the building layout must be well-integrated into one central area to help teachers monitor the students. 

User comfort is critical in terms of meeting the codes requirements as well as the owner’s needs. The designer has implemented the natural lighting for the school design by using glass for part of his roof. Natural ventilation and lighting can reduce the quantities of mechanical and electrical system usage. As a result, it becomes energy/ O& M cost effective. This method of ventilation and natural lighting can provide a safer and more comfortable environment for the students to productively learn.

The designer always wants to go with his vision for any type of project; however, he should focus on the function of the design as well. The minimum response for the CM is the image of this school project. The separation of classrooms from the rest of the building might not work as well as having everything located in one central area which can be operational effectiveness. Functional Analysis Study will dictate what is more important for the CM to focus on for this project.

The estimated schedule for school construction will be from 2009-2010. The construction will start in autumn where the existing building will house the students for the new construction to take place. Construction activities for the new building will be completed during the summer of 2009, and that is when demolition of the existing building will be taken place. By using the existing building as a swing space for the students, it is much easier for the school system as well as cutting cost and time while ensuring that the function of the school and project are maintained.

                The class was given a set of nine original functions for Phase one of the project.  Our VE team decided to add time and cost to the list because we thought they were important to the project.  The VE team decided to condense the original eleven functions into these seven functions(with verb-noun configuration)  educate Students, guarantee safety/security, meet codes, consider time/cost, improve constructability, convey image and reduce drainage/excavation.  After that we broke down those seven functions into Basic, Required Secondary, and Secondary functions.  The basic functions were educate students and guarantee safety/security.  The required functions were meet codes and consider time/cost.  The secondary functions were improve constructability, convey image and reduce excavation/drainage.  To get an overall feel of how much would be spent on basic functions as compared to secondary functions we created a list of subsystems and matched them to their functions.  The subsystems were class rooms, auditorium/cafeteria, gym/music room, library, admin/security area, fire protection, mechanical system, electrical system and plumbing.  A cost model was prepared to put estimated costs associated with each subsystem for comparison purposes.  The Area costs came from the square foot area times the overall budget divided by the total square feet of the original design.  The systems costs came from a percentage of the budget.  The major implication of the functional analysis was to redesign the class room area.  We feel the functionality of the classroom area can be improved by combining it with the rest of the building.  The VE team also believes that a simplified design is needed to lower cost and improve constructability.    

 After that we did a cost model: 

Basic Subsystems	Required Secondary Subsystems	Secondary Subsystems
Class Rooms	Mechanical System	Gym/Music Room
$5,576,004.00	$2,035,850.00	$2,002,875.00
Cafeteria/Auditorium	Electrical System
$765,899.00	$1,017,925.00
Admin/Security Area	Plumbing
$640,920.00	$508,962.00
	Fire Protection
	$203,585.00
Totals
$6,982,823.00	$3,766,322.00	$2,002,875.00

 

Then the Final Functional Analysis: 

Subsystems	Functions	Cost	Comments:
Class Rooms	Educate Students	$5,576,004.00	Could save money through design simplification
Admin/Security Area	Guarantee Safety/Security	$640,920.00	Final price should be lower due to simple design
Fire Protection	Meet Codes	$203,585.00	Lower cost through Competitive bidding
Mechanical System	Meet Codes	$2,035,850.00	Lower cost through Competitive bidding
Electrical System	Meet Codes	$1,017,925.00	Lower cost through Competitive bidding
Plumbing	Meet Codes	$508,962.00	Lower cost through Competitive bidding
Cafeteria/Auditorium	Educate Students	$765,899.00	Could lower cost by removing Auditorium Stage
Gym/Music Room	Educate Students	$2,002,875.00	High Cost may not be needed

Facility Configuration
Site area	12.9 Acres
Number of floors below grade	0
Number of floors above grade	2
Basement gross area	0
Ground floor gross area	45,734 sq. ft
Upper floors gross area	17,795 sq. ft
Total gross building area	63,529 sq. ft.
Pitched roof area	18, 312 sq. ft.
Flat roof area	16,007 sq. ft.
Barrel roof area	14,798 sq. ft.
Total area	49,117 sq. ft.
Footprint at grade	45,734 sq. ft.
Basement wall area	N/A
Basement Volume	N/A
Floor to floor height	12 ft. (9' Floor height)

•   Current Building shape: (see picture below)

       The current building shape is of a more modern design and only serves well for the current location of the building.  As discussed in the previous section, the school location will be proposed to be moved to a different location.  The building shape will then be reconsidered to enhance the flow of the building space.  This is further discussed in the final section of phase I.  The design of the building currently has a large portion of glass and that will be very conducive to energy conservation in the form of natural lighting.  However, the current design has some implications because of the complex curves and irregular angles near the roof.

• Typical floor perimeter: 11,078 lf
• Roof perimeter: 1,615 lf

       After reviewing the initial layout for the site, our team has decided that it would best serve the function of the project to reposition the building location to the opposite side of the site.  The current location of the new building would entail demolishing the old building before starting construction of the new building since it is in the same area.  This approach would be problematic in the sense that the students would have to be relocated during the construction of the new building.  Relocating the students would serve as a challenge to the students learning experience and logistically for the community.  It would also show weakness in the ability to provide a safe and secure learning environment for the students.

    Constructing the building on the opposite side of the site would allow for the students to remain in the current building until construction is complete.  The construction would take place during the academic school year and the existing building would be demolished after school was out for the summer.  The summer months would allow for the demo to be completed and for the site roads and access to be completed. 

     The Team has also decided that the layout for the building needs to be re-structured to better serve the function of the project.  Currently the building has the classrooms separated from the rest of the school.  This does not provide the optimum compliance to the schools function as described in the functional analysis phase of the project.  The activities of the students should be tied in with the rest of the building.  It is proposed that the arm of the building which is designated for classrooms is tied back into the building to allow two different entrances and exit locations for the classroom corridor.  This will optimize the operational cohesiveness of the building and while optimizing the building configuration.

    The current building has an excessive amount of curves in its design which are unnecessary as they pertain to the function of the building.  The function of the building is to provide a safe learning environment for the students.  With that in mind, the use of intricate aesthetically implemented design applications are not needed; however, aesthetics are a low order function and should not be completely ignored.  The use of glass for walls is very important because it conveys natural light to the students allowing for energy efficiency and a more positive atmosphere for the students.  Our team is proposing that the use of natural light is maintained; however, we would like to see the intricate roof angles and unnecessary curvature be minimized to eliminate constructability complications.

Phase_one.pptx

Code Requirements and Building Types:

The second Edition of the “Architect’s Studio Companion” indicates that construction in the Ohio will be governed by the BOCA National Building Code.  The BOCA National Building Code allocates an educational facility such as Burton Elementary School will be classified as a type E use group.

The International Building Code suggests that for Type II B construction that the structural frame has a zero hour fire rating as a noncombustible material.  All items in type II construction are noncombustible and this helps to determine the height and area limitations for the Burton Elementary School.  Unprotected noncombustible construction for structural steel allows for the steel columns, beams joists, and deck to be constructed without the use of fireproof materials.

The Boca National Building Code dictates a maximum height of two stories at 14,400 square feet per floor for user group E noncombustible without any type of sprinkler system.  The International Building Code enforces that a sprinkler system is necessary for type E user groups on any area above 20,000 square feet.  This ultimately suggests that a fire suppression system is required, which will increase the height and area requirement to three floors at 44, 800 square feet per floor. Unprotected noncombustible construction for structural steel allows for the steel columns, beams joists, and deck to be constructed without the use of fireproof materials.   

Reinforced concrete structures may be designed to the minimum dimensions as calculated by a structural engineer for strength purposes.  This ultimately means that the concrete does not need additional thickness for fire proofing purposes.  Masonry structures are very similar to concrete structures in that they may be designed to the minimum dimensions as specified by a structural engineer through a strength perspective without the use of fireproof materials.

Description of the three structural systems used for the Burton Elementary School.

Original System:

In this system the entire building will have a sprinkler system.  The roof support will be composed of floor, steel joists, beams, 1.5" 22 ga metal deck.  This will be supported by columns that will be cast in place.  The columns will be 14inches round with ties the column will be constructed of 4000 PSI.  The second floor will be made of cast in place beams and with a 5 inch one way slab the bays will be 20 feet by 20 feet. There will also be CMU block bearing walls that are 60 feet apart that will help to support the structure along with the columns.  There will be strip footers under the CMU bearing wall that is 8” thick and 16” wide and there will be spread footers 7’6” square and 18” deep under the columns.

Steel System:

In this system the entire building will have a sprinkler system.  The roof will be composed of floor, steel joists, beams, 1.5” 22ga metal deck.  This will be setting on W8 columns.  The second floor will be a composite slab with 20’ by 20’ bays the total depth of the composite slab will be 21”.  The foundation will be spread footings 6’-0” square that are 14” thick. 

Cast in Place:

In this system the entire building will have a sprinkler system. The roof will be supported by floor, steel joists, beams, 1.5” 22ga metal deck.  This will be supported by cast in place concrete columns that will be 14” round with ties that is made of 4000 PSI concrete.  the second floor will be cast in place concrete  with a cast in place concrete slab 5” thick with bays 20’ by 20’.  The columns will be supported by spread footings that are 7’-6” square and 18” deep. 

 

Burton Elementary School
Criteria	Explanation
Constructability	Poor constructability slows down production and causes more problems throughout the job.
Construction Schedule	Our project is schedule driven. We have nine months of allowable construction time.
Safety of Construction	We are working around an existing school and want to minimize the possible threat of injury to construction and non construction persons.
Cost Efficient	Defined in life span vs. total cost.
Meets Code OBC / IBC	As designed by A/E and installed by contractors.
Life Span	To provide the optimal performance with minimal maintenance (Fire rating, paint, etc.).
Skilled Labor Availability	Structural system must consider with labor availability due to tight schedule.
Lead Times	Construction begins in the Fall of '09.  Lead times for structural material must be obtainable within allotted time.
Staging Needs	School campus will remain onsite; Thus, construction laydown areas are limited.
Total Cost (budget)	Compliance with Budget.
OSFC	Structural system designed within parameters of OSFC.
Structural integrity	Optimize safety of occupants/ recognition of disastrous events ( fire, tornado, earthquake, etc).

Original Design Estimate:

Cast-in-Place Concrete Structure combined with Structural Masonry

Burtun_Elementary_School_Group_8_Estimate_Original.xls

 Evaluated Structural System:

Cast-in-Place

Burtun_Elementary_School_Group_8_Estimate_CIP.xls

 Proposed Structural Steel System:

Structural Steel

Burtun_Elementary_School_Group_8_Estimate_Structural_Steel.xls

Structural Systems Advantages/Disadvantages:

It is very important to realize the fact that this project is schedule driven.  With that said, one of the most important aspects of the Burton Elementary School construction is schedule compliance.  One of the primary functions of the project was to protect the students and provide a safe learning environment.  In order to provide a learning environment, the building must be complete with minimal delays.

Structural Steel

The Architect’s Studio Companion suggests that in order to minimize construction time for a two story building, a structural steel system may offer adequate benefits.  The primary benefit to structural steel is the speed of construction.  Once the foundation system is in place, the erection of the structural steel is very fast.  Structural steel erection can be performed in more adverse weather conditions that cast-in-place concrete could not be.  Another very appealing aspect of structural steel is its capability to be used with many different skin systems and curtains wall designs. A major disadvantage to the system is the possibility of long lead times and chance for quick escalation of material prices.

Cast-in-Place Concrete

The Architect’s Studio Companion states that in cases where lead times may be an issue, cast-in-place concrete can be a very advantageous alternative because there is no need for fabrication time of the structural members.  There will still be a need for reinforcing steel and embeds, however these items are not nearly as critical.  Another benefit to cast-in-place concrete is that fact that it can be utilized in irregular forms.  This could prove to be very beneficial for the Burton Elementary School because as the design stands now, there are many curves in the building structure.  However, it has been proposed to the designer that that building is designed on a more simple scale to eliminate aspects that do not serve the function of the project.  This option offers a very long structural life span and can which increases the life of the building.

Cast-in-Place concrete seems too offer a great amount of benefits, however it is Important to realize that is comes with its disadvantages.  This type of construction is heavily reliant on the weather and significant delays are possible with undesirable weather.  Construction time is also much higher with cast-in-place concrete because it requires building forms, placing reinforcement, placing concrete, and wrecking forms.  There is also a significant amount of time required for the concrete to gain enough strength before applying load to the structure which could slow down progress.

Structural Masonry

Structural masonry also offers the benefit of small lead times because it eliminates fabrication time that is typically necessary offsite which could possibly delay the schedule.  The masonry structural system offers a dual purpose in the fact that it in the case of a load bearing wall, it acts as a structural support while creating a partition.  This eliminates the need for additional services ultimately saving money and time.

Masonry systems, however, have to be incorporated with other structural systems such as structural steel bar joists.  Masonry itself can’t make a complete structural system so additional coordination is required for implementation.

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 Exterior Wall Systems:

Original: Brick Veneer with CMU Block Backup

Option 2: EIFS Panel with CMU Backup

Option 3: Metal Siding with CMU Backup

Roofing Systems:

Oiginal: Metal Roof with Built-up on low slope areas

Option 2: Metal Roof with PVC on low slope areas

Option 3: Asphalt Shingles with EPDM on low slope areas

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 Cost Analysis of each wall system and each roof system are estimated in assembly format (uniformat) in the attached excel file organized in separate tabs. Please refer to attached file for all necessary assembly cost.

Burtun_Elementary_School_Group_8_Estimate_All_w_LCC.xls

Building Skin System Advantages/Disadvantages:

Curtain Wall:

The curtain wall is used to span the wall areas on the academic wing of the building.  This serves the function of providing a great learning environment for the students by inducing natural light to the core learning areas.  Our Value Engineering team has determined that curtain wall must remain in all the educational areas; however, the complexity of the curtain wall design should be minimized to serve the functional of the building.  Curtain walls in this area also will optimize the use of natural light, lowering the energy usage for electrical demand.

 Brick:

One of the most evident advantages of a brick veneer finish is the longevity of the system.  Brick will noticeably out serve the life cycle of any metal or wood skin system.  This would serve as a huge benefit for the Burton Elementary School because there should be no need for replacement until the entire building needs to be replaced.  When considering life cycle costing, it is important to think of all aspects that may be associated with masonry skin systems.  There will be no need for painting the surface of the brick unless required by the architectural plans.

Another very important consideration for masonry skin is the increased thermal efficiency that is contained within the system.  This would allow for heat to be retained in the winter and more energy efficient summers.

The materialistic properties of masonry brick and block offer very thermal resistant properties.  This means that brick offers an increased level of fire protection that may be valuable to the community.  Code enforces required building materials and types, however additional protection may better serve the function of the building which is to provide a safe learning environment for the students.

One of the most evident disadvantages of masonry brick is the need for a very sound foundation system.  Not to discount the structural integrity of other systems, but there is a risk of mortar cracking due to foundation settling.  This poses an aesthetical issue because the settling cracks are very noticeable in high traffic areas.  However, it is important to realize that proper installation of foundation systems will eliminate the likelihood of such an issue.

In the case of structural masonry walls another disadvantage may lie in the tensile strength of these walls.  Masonry is very strong in compression; however, it lacks sufficient tensile strength that may be required for wind and seismic shear.  In these cases proper reinforcement should be used to ensure structural integrity.

EIFS:

The main advantage of Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems is that the insulation is externally located.  This provides more efficiency than traditional wall cavity insulation.  Newer EIFS systems utilize a drainage cavity between the EIFS and Supporting wall allowing for incidental leaks in seals, windows, and caulking.  Most problems with EIFS are caused by leaks and this can be controlled through these drainage cavities.

Since EIFS is a lightweight material it is important to determine the area of installation before implementing the system into the construction.  EIFS can be damaged through impacts in areas prone to such activity.  These areas can be heavily occupied courtyards and vehicle traffic areas that are close to the building.  In cases where this becomes a concern it is possible to install reinforced EIFS to help minimize this risk.  In the event that a repair is needed, EIFS patching is virtually unnoticeable after the repair.

Metal Cladding:

Metal cladding systems require insulated masonry or stud backup walls and can’t be used alone for this type of construction.  Metal cladding systems offer cost savings benefits because and speed on construction.   It is worthy of note, however, that metal panels are very susceptible to impact damage.  Areas low to the ground will become noticeably damaged if installed in locations that are susceptible to such impact.  This type of problem can be avoiding by holding the installation of metal panels off the ground and using masonry or concrete at the lower elevations. Composite metal cladding systems have the ability to adapt with many different shapes and offer limitless possibilities for building configurations.

Roofing Advantages/Disadvantages:

The roofing for Burton Elementary School will require two different roofing systems to work together because of the slope changes.  Part of the school has a flat roof and part of the school has sloping roofs.  The Value Engineering team proposes to use two different types of roofing to best serve the function of the roof.  Below explains the advantages and disadvantages of each roof type considered for application.

Metal Roofing:

Metal roofing offers great aesthetical appeal throughout its life span.  These roof systems are ideal for sloping roofs and offer longevity that remains unmatched with other roofing systems for this application.  Most metal roofs are designed to last around 50 years.  Metal roofs typically cost more than asphalt roofs, however they offer resistance to weather and will not deteriorate over time.  Insurance costs can even be lowered through the use of metal roofs because of the reliability of the product.  The Use of a metal roof for the Burton Elementary Project will likely last as long as the useful life of the building.  This makes the decision very appealing in a financial and integrity stand point.  Metal roofs are also typically light colored and reflect many UV rays which prevent deterioration of the roofing surface.  Another advantage of metal roofs are that they are very light weight and eliminate some of the load that is imposed on the superstructure of the building.

One disadvantage of a metal roof is the possibility of uplift damage to the metal roof.  This requires careful engineering and proper installation because the roof essential acts as a shear diaphragm to resist shear which is developed through wind loads.  Depending on the location and orientation of the building, increased amount of lap fasteners may be needed to comply with all structural requirements.

Again looking back to the function of the building, the most important consideration for this type of roofing system is the risks of snow build up on the roof surface.  The slick surface of the metal deck poses a threat of snow sliding off the side of the building.  The areas under the roof slopes on these areas will have to be designed so that there are not traffic areas directly under the path of the snow or ice path off the roof.

PVC Roofing:

PVC roofing is a single ply membrane that offers great reflective values.  The system is very energy efficient in that it reflects up to 90% of the sun’s heat.  The PVC roof system provides a long life span for low sloping roof systems and is installed with seamless heat welds that give it a weather tight application.  However, it is important to note that this type of roofing is not ideal for large rain or snow events.

EDPM Roofing:

EDPM Roofing is also offered as a single ply membrane and has very similar characteristics to the PVC roofing material.  The only major difference worthy of note between the two different systems that serve as a functional factor is the fact the EDPM roofs are not as reflective of the sun’s heat.  This means that energy costs are going to be higher for this roofing system than that of the PVC system.

Built-Up Roof System:

Built-up roof systems are cheap in comparison to other roofing systems and they offer moderate protection against the elements.  One of the major downfalls to a built-up roof is the fact that the material will add increased load to the building structure.  Built-up roofs are heavy in material as they are comprised of integrated layers of tar and felt to form an impermeable surface.  These layers increase the load and require a surfacing material such as tone to protect the surface.  The stone is used to protect the surface from UV deterioration and any wearing from pedestrian traffic than it may sustain.  It is also important to realize that proper maintenance of the roofing system requires routine awareness to ensure proper function.

Asphalt Shingles:

Asphalt shingles are very inexpensive to install and offer short term cost savings benefits.  However, when looking at the life cycle of this type of roofing system is apparent that the system only has a 15-30 year life span.  This means that over the life of the building it is very possible that the roof system will have to be replaced more than one time.  Asphalt shingles are also subjected to aesthetical problems due to staining and moss growth.

 Please click on attachment to find life cycle costing for wall and roof systems.  The Life Cycle Cost Analysis attachment has two different tabs respective to Wall Systems and Roofing Systems.

Life_Cycle_Costing_for_Wall_and_Roof.xlsx

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