Introduction to Imbedding Networks

A device to be measured can not be placed directly at the source location. Any additional cable length, connectors, transitions and so on modifies the magnitude and phase of the signal that is related to the devics under test (DUT). We can represent the overall properties of these external elements as black boxes (ERROR BOXES). By some measurement technique (referred to as calibration), if we can determine the properties of this unkown box, we can remove the contributions from this error box (or boxes) and calculate the actual response of our DUT.