Originally developed as a Windows Card File Deck
and made available on the Old Norse Net File Server by:
Marshal Bostwick
c/o Dept. of English
Heavilon Hall
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47906
Converted to Web and App Formats and Augmented by:
Tom Wulf
University of Cincinnati, CECH
School of Information Technology
Tom.Wulf@uc.edu
| 0193 - Á | 0218 - Ú | 0237 - í |
| 0198 - Æ | 0221 - Ý | 0240 - ð |
| 0201 - É | 0222 - Þ | 0243 - ó |
| 0205 - Í | 0246 - ö | |
| 0208 - Ð | 0248 - ø | |
| 0211 - Ó | 0225 - á | 0250 - ú |
| 0214 - Ö | 0230 - æ | 0253 - ý |
| 0216 - Ø | 0233 - é | 0254 - þ |
All Norse characters can be entered using the Insert Menu (Insert, Symbol). However, the pre-defined keyboard shortcuts are more convenient. The table below illustrates all of these but it is easiest to learn the following patterns:
Acute characters: Ctrl-‘[key or KEY] (Press Ctrl and single quote, release, press [key] (Shift [key] for the capital)
(Eth is Ctrl-‘d)
Umlaut characters: Ctrl-:[key] (Press Ctrl and colon, release, press [key]
Ligatures: Ctrl-&[key: (either a or o)]
Slash O: Ctrl-/[key: o or O]
There is no keyboard shortcut for Thorn but you can define it in the Insert Symbol sub-menu. For consistency, I use Ctrl-‘t and Ctrl-‘T
| Character name | Symbol | Keyboard Shortcut |
|---|---|---|
| Lowercase Eth | ð | Ctrl-'d |
| Uppercase Eth | Ð | Ctrl-'D |
| Acute a | á | Ctrl-'a |
| Acute A | Á | Ctrl-'A |
| Acute e | é | Ctrl-'e |
| Acute E | É | Ctrl-'E |
| Acute i | í | Ctrl-'i |
| Acute I | Í | Ctrl-'I |
| Acute o | ó | Ctrl-'o |
| Acute O | Ó | Ctrl-'O |
| Acute u | ú | Ctrl-'u |
| Acute U | Ú | Ctrl-'U |
| Acute y | ý | Ctrl-'y |
| Acute Y | Ý | Ctrl-'Y |
| Umlaut u | ü | Ctrl-:u |
| Umlaut U | Ü | Ctrl-:U |
| Umlaut o | ö | Ctrl-:o |
| Umlaut O | Ö | Ctrl-:O |
| Slashed o | ø | Ctrl-/o |
| Slashed O | Ø | Ctrl-/O |
| Lowercase ae ligature | æ | Ctrl-&a |
| Uppercase AE ligature | Æ | Ctrl-&A |
| Lowercase oe ligature | œ | Ctrl-&o |
| Uppercase OE ligature | Π| Ctrl-&O |
| Lowercase Thorn | þ | (See Above) |
| Uppercase Thorn | Þ | (See Above) |
| Present Indicative | Past Indicative | Present Subjunctive | Past Subjunctive | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strong | Weak | Strong | Weak | Strong and Weak | Strong | Weak | ||
| Singular | 1 | -- | -- -a -i | -- | -ða -da -ta | -a | -a | -ða -da -ta |
| 2 | -r | -r -ar -ir | -t | -ðir -dir -tir | -ir | -ir | -ðir -dir -tir | |
| 3 | -r | -r -ar -ir | -- | -ði -di -ti | -i | -i | -ði -di -ti | |
| Plural | 1 | -um | -um | -um | -ðum -dum -tum | -im | -im | -ðim -dim -tim |
| 2 | -ið | -ið | -uð | -ðuð -duð -tuð | -ið | -ið | -ðið -dið -tið | |
| 3 | -a | -a | -u | -ðu -du -tu | -i | -i | -ði -di -ti | |
Modified to follow Barnes
| Present Indicative Reflexive | Past Indicative Reflexive | Subjunctive Reflexive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strong | Weak | Strong | Weak | pr/pa | ||
| Singular | 1 | -umk | -umk | -umk | t/d/ð -umk | -umk |
| 2 | -sk | i/a -sk | -zk | " -isk | -isk | |
| 3 | -sk | " -sk | -sk | " -isk | -isk | |
| Plural | 1 | -umk | -umk | -umk | " -umk | -imk |
| 2 | -izk | -izk | -uzk | " -uzk | -izk | |
| 3 | -ask | -ask | -usk | " -usk | -isk | |
| Class | infinitive | Singular Present? | Past Singular | Past Plural | Past Participle? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | í | í | ei | i | i,e |
| 2 | jú,ú | jó | ý | au,ó | u, o |
| 3 | e,i,ja | e,i | a | u | o,u |
| 4 | e | e | a | á,ó | o,u |
| 5 | e | e | a,a | á | e |
| 6 | a | e | ó | ó | a,e |
Used for forming:
(1) Present Indicative Singular from the Infinitive
(2) Past Subjunctive from Past Plural
| a -> e | ú -> ý |
| á -> æ | ö -> ø |
| o -> ø or e | au -> ey |
| ó -> œ | jú -> ý |
| u -> y | jó -> ý |
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Past | Present | Past | ||
| Singular | 1 | hefi(r) | hafða | hafa | hefða |
| 2 | hefir | hafðir | hafir | hefðir | |
| 3 | hefir | hafði | hafi | hefði | |
| Plural | 1 | hvfum | hvfðum | hafim | hefðim |
| 2 | hafið | hvfðuð | hafið | hefðið | |
| 3 | hafa | hvfðu | hafi | hefði | |
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Past | Present | Past | ||
| Singular | 1 | sé | sá | sé | sæa |
| 2 | sér | sátt | sér | sæir | |
| 3 | sér | sá | sé | sæi | |
| Plural | 1 | sjám | sám | sém | sæim |
| 2 | séð | sáuð | séð | sæið | |
| 3 | sjá | sá | sé | sæi | |
Past Participle: sénn, sátt
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Past | Present | Past | ||
| Singluar | 1 | em | var | sé | væra |
| 2 | ert | vart | sér | værir | |
| 3 | er | var | sé | væri | |
| Plural | 1 | erum | várum | sém | værim |
| 2 | eruð | váruð | séð | værið | |
| 3 | eru | váru | sé | væri | |
Past Participle: verit
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Past | Present | Past | ||
| Singular | 1 | vil | vilda | vilja | vilda |
| 2 | vill/vilt | vildir | vilir | vildir | |
| 3 | vill | vildi | vili | vildi | |
| Plural | 1 | viljum | vildum | vilim | vildim |
| 2 | vilið | vilduð | vilið | vildið | |
| 3 | vilja | vildu | vili | vildi | |
Past Participle: viljat
Preterite-Present
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Past | Present | Past | ||
| Singular | 1 | á | átta | eiga | ætta |
| 2 | att | áttir | eigir | ættir | |
| 3 | á | átti | eigi | ætti | |
| Plural | 1 | eigum | áttum | eigim | ættim |
| 2 | eiguð | áttuð | eigið | ættið | |
| 3 | eigu | áttu | eigi | ætti | |
Past Participle: attr
Preterite-Present
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Past | Present | Past | ||
| Singular | 1 | kann | kunna | kunna | kynna |
| 2 | kannt | kunnir | kunnir | kynnir | |
| 3 | kann | kunni | kunni | kynni | |
| Plural | 1 | kunnum | kunnum | kunnim | kynnim |
| 2 | kunnuð | kunnuð | kunnið | kynnið | |
| 3 | kunnu | kunnu | kunni | kynni | |
Past Participle: kunnat
Preterite-Present
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Past | Present | Past | ||
| Singular | 1 | má | mátta | mega | mætta |
| 2 | matt | máttir | megir | mættir | |
| 3 | má | mátti | megi | mætti | |
| Plural | 1 | megum | máttum | megim | mættim |
| 2 | meguð | máttuð | megið | mættið | |
| 3 | megu | máttu | megi | mætti | |
Past Participle: mátt
Preterite-Present
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. | Past | Pres. | Past | ||
| Singular | 1 | man | munda | muna | mynda |
| 2 | mant | mundir | munir | myndir | |
| 3 | man | mundi | muni | myndi | |
| Plural | 1 | munum | mundum | munim | myndim |
| 2 | munið | munduð | munið | myndið | |
| 3 | muna | mundu | muni | myndi | |
Past Participle: munaðr
Preterite-Present
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. | Past | Pres. | Past | ||
| Singular | 1 | mun | munda | muna | mynda |
| 2 | munt | mundir | munir | myndir | |
| 3 | mun | mundi | muni | myndi | |
| Plural | 1 | munum | mundum | munim | myndim |
| 2 | munuð | munduð | munið | myndið | |
| 3 | munu | mundu | muni | myndi | |
Past Participle: none
Preterite-Present
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Past | Present | Past | ||
| Singular | 1 | skal | skylda | skyla | skylda |
| 2 | skalt | skyldir | skylir | skyldir | |
| 3 | skal | skyldi | skyli | skyldi | |
| Plural | 1 | skulum | skyldum | skylim | skyldim |
| 2 | skuluð | skylduð | skylið | skyldið | |
| 3 | skulu | skyldu | skyli | skyldi | |
Past Participle: skyldr
Preterite-Present
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Past | Present | Past | ||
| Singular | 1 | veit | vissa | vita | vissa |
| 2 | veizt | vissir | vitir | vissir | |
| 3 | veit | vissi | viti | vissi | |
| Plural | 1 | vitum | vissum | vitim | vissim |
| 2 | vituð | vissuð | vitið | vissið | |
| 3 | vitu | vissu | viti | vissi | |
Past Participle: vitaðr
Preterite-Present
| Indicative | Subjunctive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Past | Present | Past | ||
| Singular | 1 | þarf | þurfta | þurfa | þyrfta |
| 2 | þarft | þurftir | þurfir | þyrftir | |
| 3 | þarf | þurfti | þurfi | þyrfti | |
| Plural | 1 | þurfum | þurftum | þurfim | þyrftim |
| 2 | þurfuð | þurftuð | þurfið | þyrftið | |
| 3 | þurfu | þurftu | þurfi | þyrfti | |
Past Participle: þurft
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | -r | -- | -- (-r) |
| Accusative | -- | -- | -- (-i, -u) | |
| Genative | -s (-ar) | -s | -ar (-ur) | |
| Dative | -i (--) | -i | -- (-i, -u) | |
| Plural | Nominative | -ar (-ir) | -- | -ar (-ir) |
| Accusative | -a (-i, -u) | -- | -ar (-ir) | |
| Genative | -a | -a | -a | |
| Dative | -um | -um | -um | |
Examples from Barnes
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Meaning | Nom | Acc | Gen | Dat | Nom | Acc | Gen | Dat |
| Strong Masc | horse | hestr | hest | hests | hesti | hestar | hesta | hesta | hestum |
| Strong Feminine | bath | laug | laug | laugar | laug | laugar | laugar | lauga | laugum |
| Strong Neuter | word | orð | orð | orðs | orði | orð | orð | orða | orðum |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | -i | -a | -a |
| Accusative | -a | -a | -u | |
| Genitive | -a | -a | -u | |
| Dative | -a | -a | -u | |
| Plural | Nominative | -ar | -u | -ur |
| Accusative | -a | -u | -ur | |
| Genitive | -a (-na) | -a (-na) | -a (-na) | |
| Dative | -um | -um | -um | |
Examples from Barnes
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Meaning | Nom | Acc | Gen | Dat | Nom | Acc | Gen | Dat |
| Weak Masc | battle | bardagi | bardaga | bardaga | bardaga | bardagar | bardarga | bardaga | bardögum |
| Weak Feminine | story | saga | sögu | sögu | sögu | sögur | sögur | sagna | sögum |
| Weak Neuter | eye | auga | auga | auga | auga | augu | augu | augna | augum |
Examples from Barnes
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Meaning | Nom | Acc | Gen | Dat | Nom | Acc | Gen | Dat |
| Strong Masculine | place | staðr | stað | staðar | stað | staðir | staði | staða | stöðum |
| kettle | ketill | ketil | ketils | katli | katlar | katlar | katla | kötlum | |
| shield | skjöldr | skjöld | skjaldar | skjildi | skjildir | skjöldu | skjalda | skjöldum | |
| eagle | örn | örn | arnar | erni | ernir | örnu erni | arna | örnum | |
| foot | fótr | fót | fótar | fœti | fœtr | fœtr | fóta | fótum | |
| Strong Feminine | mane | mön | mön | manar | mön | manar | manar | mana | mönum |
| old woman | kerling | kerling | kerlingar | kerlingu | kerlingar | kerlingar | kerlinga | kerlingum | |
| island | ey | ey | eyar | eyju | eyjar | eyjar | eyja | eyjum | |
| stream, river | á | á | ár | á | ár | ár | á | áum | |
| heath | heiðr | heiði | heiðar | heiði | heiðar | heiðar | heiða | heiðum | |
| shore, strand | strönd | strönd | strandar | strönd | strendar | strendar | stranda | ströndum | |
| book | bók | bók | bœkr bókar | bók | bœkr | bœkr | bóka | bókum | |
| toe | tá | tá | tár | tá | tær | tær | tá | tám | |
| cow | kýr | kú | kýr | kú | kýr | kýr | kúa | kúm | |
| Strong Neuter | lake | vatn | vatn | vatns | vatni | vötn | vötn | vatna | vötnum |
| summer | sumar | sumar | sumars | sumri | sumur | sumur | sumra | sumrum | |
| message, speech | erindi | erindi | erindis | erindi | erindi | erindi | erinda | erindum | |
| Weak Masc | owner | eigandi | eiganda | eiganda | eiganda | eigendr | eigendr | eiganda | eigöndum |
| Woman | Mother | Daughter | Sister | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | kona | móðir | dóttir | systir |
| Accusative | konu | móður | dóttur | systur | |
| Genitive | konu | móður | dóttur | systur | |
| Dative | konu | móður | dóttur | systur | |
| Plural | Nominative | konur | moeðr | doetr | systr |
| Accusative | konur | moeðr | doetr | systr | |
| Genative | kvenna | moeðra | dætra | systra | |
| Dative | konum | moeðrum | dætrum | systrum | |
| Man | Father | Son | Brother | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | maðr | faðir | sonr/sunr | bróðir |
| Accusative | mann | föður/feðr | son/sunu | bróður | |
| Genitive | manns | föður/feðr | sonar | bróður | |
| Dative | manni | föður/feðr | syni/søni | bróður | |
| Plural | Nominative | menn | feðr | synir/sønir | broeðr |
| Accustive | menn | feðr | sonu/syni | broeðr | |
| Genitive | manna | feðra | sona | broeðr | |
| Dative | mönnum | feðrum | sonum | broeðr | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | -r | -t | -- |
| Accusative | -an | (-n) | -t -a | |
| Genitive | -s | -s | -rar | |
| Dative | -um | -u | -ri | |
| Plural | Nominative | -ir | -- | -ar |
| Accusative | -a | -- | -ar | |
| Genitive | -ra | -ra | -ra | |
| Dative | -um | -um | -um |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | -i | -a | -a |
| Accusative | -a | -a | -u | |
| Genitive | -a | -a | -u | |
| Dative | -a | -a | -u | |
| Plural | Nominative | -u | -u | -u |
| Accusative | -u | -u | -u | |
| Genitive | -u | -u | -u | |
| Dative | -um | -um | -um |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | inn | it | in |
| Accusative | inn | it | ina | |
| Genitive | ins | ins | innar | |
| Dative | inum | inu | inni | |
| Plural | Nominative | inir | in | inar |
| Accusative | ina | in | inar | |
| Genitive | ina | inna | inna | |
| Dative | inum | inum | inum | |
| Positive | Comparitive | Superlative |
|---|---|---|
| -- | -ari/-ri | -astr/-str |
| hvass | hvassari | hvassastr |
| heilagr | heilgari | heilgastr |
| ríkr | ríkari | ríkastr |
| efniligr | efniligri | efniligstr |
Note: Present participles were declined in the same manner as Comparatives.
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | hvassari | hvassara | hvassari |
| Accusative Genitive Dative | hvassara | hvassara | hvassari | |
| Plural | Nominative Accusative Genitive | hvassari | hvassari | hvassari |
| Dative | hvössurum | hvössurum | hvössurum |
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| fagr | fegri | fegrstr | fair, fairer, fairest |
| hár | hæri | hæstr | hairy, more hairy, hairiest |
| seinn | seinni | seinstr | slow, slower, slowest |
| gamall | ellri | elztr | old, older, oldest |
| góðr | betri | beztr/baztr | good, better, best |
| illr vandr | verri | verstr | bad, worse, worst |
| lítill | minni | minstr | little, littler, littlest |
| mikill | meiri | mestr | much, more, most |
| ---- | œðri | œztr | higher, highest |
Some Comparatives/Superlatives had adverbial forms in the Positive:
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| aptr | eptri | epztr/aptastr | after... |
| fyrir | fyrri | fyrstr | before, former, first |
| of | øfri/efri | øfstr/efstr | upper, above, uppermost |
| út | ýtri | ýztr | out, outer, outermost |
| austr | eystri | austastr | southern, more southern, most southern |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | okkarr | okkart | okkar |
| Accusative | okkarn | okkart | okk(a)ra | |
| Genitive | okkars | okkars | okkarrar | |
| Dative | okk(ö)rum | okk(ö)rum | okkarri | |
| Plur. | Nominative | okk(a)rir | okkar | okk(a)rar |
| Accusative | okk(a)ra | okkar | okk(a)rar | |
| Genitive | okkarra | okkarra | okkarra | |
| Dative | okk(ö)rum | okk(ö)rum | okk(ö)rum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | várr | várt | vár |
| Accusative | várn | várt | vára | |
| Genitive | várs | várs | várrar | |
| Dative | várum | várum | várum | |
| Plural | Nominative | várir | vár | várar |
| Accusative | vára | vár | várar | |
| Genitive | várra | várra | várra | |
| Dative | várum | várum | várum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | minn | mitt | mín |
| Accusative | minn | mitt | mína | |
| Genitive | míns | míns | minnar | |
| Dative | mínum | mínu | minni | |
| Plural | Nominative | mínir | mín | mínar |
| Accusative | mína | mín | mínar | |
| Genitive | minna | minna | minna | |
| Dative | mínum | mínum | mínum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | ykkarr | ykkart | ykkar |
| Accusative | ykkarn | ykkart | ykk(a)ra | |
| Genitive | ykkars | ykkars | ykkarrar | |
| Dative | ykk(ö)rum | ykk(ö)ru | ykkarri | |
| Plur. | Nominative | ykk(a)rir | ykkar | ykk(a)rar |
| Accusative | ykk(a)ra | ykkar | ykk(a)rar | |
| Genitive | ykkarra | ykkarra | ykkarra | |
| Dative | ykk(ö)rum | ykk(ö)rum | ykk(ö)rum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Nominative | yðarr | yðart | yðar |
| Accusative | yðarn | yðart | yð(a)ra | |
| Genitive | yðars | yðars | yðarrar | |
| Dative | yð(ö)rum | yð(ö)ru | yðarri | |
| Plur. | Nominative | yð(a)rir | yðar | yð(a)rar |
| Accusative | yð(a)ra | yðar | yð(a)rar | |
| Genitive | yðarra | yðarra | yðarra | |
| Dative | yð(ö)rum | yð(ö)rum | yð(ö)rum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | þinn | þitt | þín |
| Accusative | þinn | þitt | þína | |
| Genitive | þíns | þíns | þinnar | |
| Dative | þínum | þínu | þinni | |
| Plural | Nominative | þínir | þín | þínar |
| Accusative | þína | þín | þínar | |
| Genitive | þinna | þinna | þinna | |
| Dative | þínum | þínum | þínum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | sinn | sitt | sín |
| Accusative | sinn | sitt | sína | |
| Genitive | síns | síns | sinnar | |
| Dative | sínum | sínu | sinni | |
| Plural | Nominative | sínir | sín | sínar |
| Accusative | sína | sín | sínar | |
| Genitive | sinna | sinna | sinna | |
| Dative | sínum | sínum | sínum | |
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Nominative | ek | vit | vér |
| Accusative | mik | okkr | oss | |
| Genitive | mín | okkar | vár | |
| Dative | mér | okkr | oss | |
| 2nd | Nominative | þú | it/þit | ér/þér |
| Accusative | þik | ykkr | yðr | |
| Genitive | þín | ykkar | yðar | |
| Dative | þér | ykkr | yðr | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | hann | þat | hón/hún |
| Accusative | hann | þat | hana | |
| Genitive | hans | þess | hennar | |
| Dative | honum | því,þí | henni | |
| Plural | Nominative | þeir | þau | þær |
| Accusative | þá | þau | þær | |
| Genitive | þeir(r)a | þeir(r)a | þeir(r)a | |
| Dative | þeim | þeim | þeim | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | sá | þat | sú |
| Accusative | þann | þat | þá | |
| Genitive | þess | þess | þeir(r)ar | |
| Dative | þeim | því, þí | þeir(r)i | |
| Plural | Nominative | þeir | þau | þær |
| Accusative | þá | þau | þær | |
| Genitive | þeir(r)a | þeir(r)a | þeir(r)a | |
| Dative | þeim | þeim | þeim | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | sjá/þessi | þetta | sjá/þessi |
| Accusative | þenna | þetta | þessa | |
| Genitive | þessa | þessa | þessar | |
| Dative | þessum | þessu | þessi | |
| Plural | Nominative | þessir | þessi | þessar |
| Accusative | þessa | þessi | þessar | |
| Genitive | þessa | þessa | þessa | |
| Dative | þessum | þessum | þessum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | engi | ekki | engi |
| Accusative | engan/engi | ekki | enga | |
| Genitive | engis/enskis | engis/enskis | engrar | |
| Dative | engum | engu | engri | |
| Plural | Nominative | engir | engi | engar |
| Accusative | enga | engi | engar | |
| Genitive | engra | engra | engra | |
| Dative | engum | engum | engum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Nominative | hinn | hitt/hit | hin |
| Accusative | hinn | hitt/hit | hina | |
| Genitive | hins | hins | hinnar | |
| Dative | hinum | hinu | hinni | |
| Plural | Nominative | hinir | hin | hinar |
| Accusative | hina | hin | hinar | |
| Genitive | hinna | hinna | hinna | |
| Dative | hinum | hinum | hinum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | báðir | bæði | báðar |
| Accusative | báða | bæði | báðar |
| Genitive | beggja | beggja | beggja |
| Dative | báðum | báðum | báðum |
tveggja may take feminine weak adjective endings.
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | hvárr-tveggja | hvárt... | hvár... |
| Accusative | hvárn-tveggja | hvárt... | hvára... | |
| Genitive | hvárs-tveggja | hvárs... | hvárs... | |
| Dative | hvárum-tveggja | hváru... | hvárri... | |
| Plural | Nominative | hvárir-tveggja | hvár... | hvárar... |
| Accusative | hvára-tveggja | hvár... | hvárar... | |
| Genitive | hvárra-tveggja | hvárra... | hvárra... | |
| Dative | hvárum-tveggja | hvárum... | hvárum... | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Nominative | annarr | annat | önnur |
| Accusative | annan | annat | aðra | |
| Genitive | annars | annars | annarar | |
| Dative | öðrum | öðrum | annari | |
| Plural | Nominative | aðrir | önnur | aðrar |
| Accusative | aðra | önnur | aðrar | |
| Genitive | annarra | annarra | annarra | |
| Dative | öðrum | öðrum | öðrum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | einnhverr | eitthvert | einhver |
| Accusative | einhvern | einhvert | einhverja | |
| Genitive | einhvers | einhvers | einhverrar | |
| Dative | einhverjum | einhverjum | einhverjum | |
| Plural | Nominative | einhverir | einhver | einhverjar |
| Accusative | einhverja | einhver | einhverjar | |
| Genitive | einhverra | einhverra | einhverra | |
| Dative | einhverjum | einhverjum | einhverjum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | nökkurr | nökkut | nökkur |
| Accusative | nökkurn | nökkut | nökkura | |
| Genitive | nökkurs | nökkurs | nökkurrar | |
| Dative | nökkurum | nökkuru | nökkurri | |
| Plural | Nominative | nökkurir | nökkur | nökkurar |
| Accusative | nökkura | nökkur | nökkurar | |
| Genitive | nökkurra | nökkurra | nökkurra | |
| Dative | nökkurum | nökkurum | nökkurum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Nominative | nökkurr | nökkut | nökkur |
| Accusative | nökkurn | nökkut | nökkura | |
| Genitive | nökkurs | nökkurs | nökkurrar | |
| Dative | nökkurum | nökkuru | nökkurri | |
| Plural | Nominative | nökkurir | nökkur | nökkurar |
| Accusative | nökkura | nökkur | nökkurar | |
| Genitive | nökkurra | nökkurra | nökkurra | |
| Dative | nökkurum | nökkurum | nökkurum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Nominative | nakkvar | nakkvat | nökkur |
| Accusative | nakkvarn | nakkvat | nakkvara | |
| Genitive | nakkvars | nakkvars | nakkvarrar | |
| Dative | nökkurum | nökkuru | nakkvarri | |
| Plural | Nominative | nakkvarir | nökkur | nakkvarar |
| Accusative | nakkvara | nökkur | nakkvarar | |
| Genitive | nakkvarra | nakkvarra | nakkvarra | |
| Dative | nökkurum | nökkurum | nökkurum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | sumr | sumt | sum |
| Accusative | suman | sumt | suma | |
| Genitive | sums | sums | sumrar | |
| Dative | sumum | sumu | sumri | |
| Plural | Nominative | sumir | sum | sumar |
| Accusative | suma | sum | sumar | |
| Genitive | sumra | sumra | sumra | |
| Dative | sumum | sumum | sumum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | hvárr | hvárt | hvár |
| Accusative | hvárn | hvárt | hvára | |
| Genitive | hvárs | hvárs | hvárs | |
| Dative | hvárum | hváru | hvárri | |
| Plural | Nominative | hvárir | hvár | hvárar |
| Accusative | hvára | hvár | hvárar | |
| Genitive | hvárra | hvárra | hvárra | |
| Dative | hvárum | hvárum | hvárum | |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | hverr | hvat | hverr |
| Accusative | hvern | hvat | hvern |
| Genitive | hvess | hvess | hvess |
| Dative | hveim | hví (why) | hveim |
| Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Nominative | hverr | hvert | hver |
| Accusative | hvern | hvert | hverja | |
| Genitive | hvers | hvers | hverrar | |
| Dative | hverjum | hverju | hverri | |
| Plural | Nominative | hverir | hver | hverjar |
| Accusative | hverja | hver | hverjar | |
| Genitive | hverra | hverra | hverra | |
| Dative | hverjum | hverjum | hverjum | |
In addition to the possessive adjective, "sinn," there were reflexive forms for the Accusative, Genitive, and Dative cases, used to refer back to the subject of the clause. They were the same for all cases, singular and plural:
| Accusative | sik |
|---|---|
| Genitive | smn |
| Dative | sir |
Gordon, E.V. An Introduction to Old Norse.
2nd Ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.
Vigfusson, Gudbrand. An Icelandic-English Dictionary.
2nd Ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.
Zokga, Geir T. A Concise Dictionary of Old Norse.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910.
Barnes, Michael A New Introduction to Old Norse: Part 1 Grammar.
Exeter: Short Run Press Limited, 1999.