Endnotes

[1] National Governor's Association http://www.nga.org/governors/1,1169,C_GOVERNOR_INFO%5ED_118,00.html

[2] Death Penalty Info Center http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/foreignnatl.html

[3] Memorial of the Federal Republic of Germany (F.R.G. v. U.S.), I.C.J. Pleadings (Lagrand Case) 139 (March 27, 2000), available at http://www.icj-cij.org

[4] LaGrand v. Stewart, 133 F.3d 1253 (9th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S.Ct. 422 (1998).

[5] State v. Karl LaGrand, 152 Ariz. 483, 733 P.2d 1066 (Ariz. 1987)

[6] Counter-Memorial of the United States of America (F.R.G. v. U.S.), I.C.J. Pleadings (Lagrand Case) 139 (March 27, 2000), available at http://www.icj-cij.org

[7] Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, Apr. 24, 1963, 21 U.S.T. 77, 596 U.N.T.S. 261.

[8] LaGrand v. Lewis, 883 F. Supp. 451 (D. Ariz. 1995). 28 U.S.C. 2254 (2001) (ordering that federal courts will only entertain a writ of habeas corpus relief if the applicant has exhausted available remedies in state court); see also 28 U.S.C. 2261 (2001) (explaining that as part of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, federal courts will only consider an applicant for habeas corpus relief in a capital case if the state court heard and decided the claim, barring certain exceptions.

[9] LaGrand v. Stewart, 133 F.3d 1253 (9th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S.Ct. 422 (1998)

[10] Commission on Human Rights, The Question of the Death Penalty, ESC Res. 1999/61, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1999/61 (1999).

[11] Soering v. United Kingdom European Court of Human Rights, 1989. 161 Eur.Ct. H.R. (ser.A), 11 E.H.R.R. 439.

[12] "Plan to execute German killers attracts scrutiny;" The Dallas Morning News , February 22, 1999, p. 1

[13] German Memorial to the ICJ seeking provisional measures.

[14] "Arizona Executes Killer from Germany," Chicago Tribune, February 25, 1999, p. 7.

[15] "Imminent Execution . . . Mandates State Department Intervention," dated February 26, 1999.

[16] In Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815 (1988). the court barred execution of those who killed prior to age 16; In Stanford v. Kentucky 492 U.S. 361 (1989) the court found no Constitutional bar to execution for murders committed at age 16.

[17] Committee of U.S. Citizens Living in Nicaragua v. Reagan D.D.C. 1987 and 2 F.2d 929 D.C. Cir. 1988. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), 1986 I.C.J. 14 (June 27).

[18] Thomas M.,Franck, and Gregory H. Fox. International Law Decisions in National Courts, New York: Transnational Publishers, Inc., 1996.

[19] Sandra Day O'Connor, Our Shrinking World: Why Lawyers Need International Awareness, Keynote Address to the Union Internationale des Advocates, Philadelphia, Pa. (Sept. 3, 1997)

Sandra Day O'Connor, Broadening our Horizons: Why American Judges and Lawyers Must Learn about Foreign Law, INT'L JUD. OBSERVER (Int'l Jud. Acad./ASIL), June 1997, at 2 (article adapted from speech given by Justice O'Connor at the 1997 spring meeting of the American College of Trial Lawyers). www.fjc.gov/ www.fjc.gov/STAFEDJUAF/ijo/intobs.html

[20] Charter of the Organization of Supreme Courts of the Americas, 40 St. Louis L.J. 1131, 1996. "Organization of Supreme Courts of the Americas Holds Conference," The Third Branch, November 1995. The organization apparently has not met following a second meeting and support for a headquarters in Panama.

[21] Justices See Joint Issues with the EU, Washington Post , July 8, 1998, at A24.

[22] Quigley, John. LaGrand: A Challenge to the U.S. Judiciary, 27 The Yale Journal of International Law, Inc. Summer, 2002 p. 435 Shank, S. Adele, and John B. Quigley. "Foreigners on Texas' Death Row and the Right of Access to a Consul." St. Mary's Law Journal 26 (1995): 719-753. See also William J. Aceves, “International Decision: Murphy v. Netherland” American Journal of International Law 92 (1998): 87-91. and "The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations: A Study of Rights, Wrongs, and Remedies." Vanderbilt Journal of International Law 31 (1998): 257-324.

[23] Death Penalty Info Center http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/foreignnatl.html

[24] Li, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 2977, 2000 WL 217891 at *9 (quoting Written Observations of the United States of America, Request for Advisory Opinion, OC-16, June 1, 1998 (corrected June 10, 1998)).

[25] Advisory Opinion OC-16/99 of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

[26] Roach and Pinkerton v. U.S., Case 9647, Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, 147, OEA/ser.L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1986-87).

[27] Amnesty International “United States of America: A time for action - Protecting the consular rights of foreign nationals facing the death penalty.” http://www.web.amnesty.org/ai.nsf/recent/AMR511062001

[28] . Adele Shank, and John B. Quigley. "Obligations to Foreigners Accused of Crime in the United States: A Failure of Enforcement." Criminal Law Forum 9 (1999): 99-142.

[29] Case Concerning the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. United States of America), International Court of Justice (April 9, 1998) <http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idocket/ipaus/ipausframe.htm>.

[30] LaGrand Case (F.R.G. v. U.S.), 2001 I.C.J. (June 27), available at http://www.icj-cij.org.

[31] Breard v. Greene, 523 U.S. 371, 1998 (per curiam), Republic of Paraguay v. Allen, 134 F.3d 622 (4th Cir. 1998), aff’g 949 F.Supp. 1269 (E.D. Va. 1996).

[32] Federal Republic of Germany v. United States, 526 U.S. 111, 111-12 (1999)

[33] Dallas Morning News, February 23, 1999.

[34] David Schwartz, "Killer Loses Fight for Life," The Daily Telegraph , March 4, 1999, p. 25

[35] "German Killer dies in U.S. gas chamber," the Australian March 5, 1999, p. 12.

[36] Roger Cohen, "U.S. Execution of German Stirs Anger," New York Times, March 5, 1999, p. 14

[37] The U.S. cited R v. Abbrederis, (1981) Australia, 36 A.L.R. 109, and a case from Italy.

[38] Counter-Memorial of the United States of America (F.R.G. v. U.S.), I.C.J. Pleadings (Lagrand Case) 139 (March 27, 2000), available at http://www.icj-cij.org

[39] Counter-Memorial of the United States of America (F.R.G. v. U.S.), I.C.J. Pleadings (Lagrand Case) 139 (March 27, 2000), available at http://www.icj-cij.org

[40]

[41] Henkin, Louis "BREARD: Provisional Measures, U.S. Treaty Obligations, and the States," The American Journal International Law, October, 1998 p. 679. Shank, S. Adele, and John B. Quigley. "Obligations to Foreigners Accused of Crime in the United States: A Failure of Enforcement." Criminal Law Forum 9 (1999): pp. 99-142.

[42] Proceedings, American Society of International Law, 96^th Annual Meeting, March 2002, Washington D.C.

[43] Ohio v. Issa, 752 N.E.2d 904, 935 (Ohio 2001) Certiorari Denied April 1, 2002

[44] Death Penalty Info Center http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/foreignnatl.html

[45] Associated Press, “Rio beats San Antonio in bid to host Pan Am Games,” Aug. 24, 2002,

[46] Scott Thomsen, "Legislature approves death penalty fix," Associated Press Wire, August 1, 2002

[47] Paul Davenport, AP Wire, July 17, 2002.

Contents


	ENDNOTES [1] National Governor's Association http://www.nga.org/governors/1,1169,C_GOVERNOR_INFO%5ED_118,00.html [2] Death Penalty Info Center http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/foreignnatl.html [3] Memorial of the Federal Republic of Germany (F.R.G. v. U.S.), I.C.J. Pleadings (Lagrand Case) 139 (March 27, 2000), available at http://www.icj-cij.org [4] LaGrand v. Stewart, 133 F.3d 1253 (9th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S.Ct. 422 (1998). [5] State v. Karl LaGrand, 152 Ariz. 483, 733 P.2d 1066 (Ariz. 1987) [6] Counter-Memorial of the United States of America (F.R.G. v. U.S.), I.C.J. Pleadings (Lagrand Case) 139 (March 27, 2000), available at http://www.icj-cij.org [7] Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, Apr. 24, 1963, 21 U.S.T. 77, 596 U.N.T.S. 261. [8] LaGrand v. Lewis, 883 F. Supp. 451 (D. Ariz. 1995). 28 U.S.C. 2254 (2001) (ordering that federal courts will only entertain a writ of habeas corpus relief if the applicant has exhausted available remedies in state court); see also 28 U.S.C. 2261 (2001) (explaining that as part of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, federal courts will only consider an applicant for habeas corpus relief in a capital case if the state court heard and decided the claim, barring certain exceptions. [9] LaGrand v. Stewart, 133 F.3d 1253 (9th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S.Ct. 422 (1998) [10] Commission on Human Rights, The Question of the Death Penalty, ESC Res. 1999/61, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1999/61 (1999). [11] Soering v. United Kingdom European Court of Human Rights, 1989. 161 Eur.Ct. H.R. (ser.A), 11 E.H.R.R. 439. [12] "Plan to execute German killers attracts scrutiny;" The Dallas Morning News , February 22, 1999, p. 1 [13] German Memorial to the ICJ seeking provisional measures. [14] "Arizona Executes Killer from Germany," Chicago Tribune, February 25, 1999, p. 7. [15] "Imminent Execution . . . Mandates State Department Intervention," dated February 26, 1999. [16] In Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815 (1988). the court barred execution of those who killed prior to age 16; In Stanford v. Kentucky 492 U.S. 361 (1989) the court found no Constitutional bar to execution for murders committed at age 16. [17] Committee of U.S. Citizens Living in Nicaragua v. Reagan D.D.C. 1987 and 2 F.2d 929 D.C. Cir. 1988. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), 1986 I.C.J. 14 (June 27). [18] Thomas M.,Franck, and Gregory H. Fox. International Law Decisions in National Courts, New York: Transnational Publishers, Inc., 1996. [19] Sandra Day O'Connor, Our Shrinking World: Why Lawyers Need International Awareness, Keynote Address to the Union Internationale des Advocates, Philadelphia, Pa. (Sept. 3, 1997) Sandra Day O'Connor, Broadening our Horizons: Why American Judges and Lawyers Must Learn about Foreign Law, INT'L JUD. OBSERVER (Int'l Jud. Acad./ASIL), June 1997, at 2 (article adapted from speech given by Justice O'Connor at the 1997 spring meeting of the American College of Trial Lawyers). www.fjc.gov/ www.fjc.gov/STAFEDJUAF/ijo/intobs.html [20] Charter of the Organization of Supreme Courts of the Americas, 40 St. Louis L.J. 1131, 1996. "Organization of Supreme Courts of the Americas Holds Conference," The Third Branch, November 1995. The organization apparently has not met following a second meeting and support for a headquarters in Panama. [21] Justices See Joint Issues with the EU, Washington Post , July 8, 1998, at A24. [22] Quigley, John. LaGrand: A Challenge to the U.S. Judiciary, 27 The Yale Journal of International Law, Inc. Summer, 2002 p. 435 Shank, S. Adele, and John B. Quigley. "Foreigners on Texas' Death Row and the Right of Access to a Consul." St. Mary's Law Journal 26 (1995): 719-753. See also William J. Aceves, “International Decision: Murphy v. Netherland” American Journal of International Law 92 (1998): 87-91. and "The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations: A Study of Rights, Wrongs, and Remedies." Vanderbilt Journal of International Law 31 (1998): 257-324. [23] Death Penalty Info Center http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/foreignnatl.html [24] Li, 2000 U.S. App. LEXIS 2977, 2000 WL 217891 at 9 (quoting Written Observations of the United States of America, Request for Advisory Opinion, OC-16, June 1, 1998 (corrected June 10, 1998)). [25] Advisory Opinion OC-16/99 of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights [26] Roach and Pinkerton v. U.S., Case 9647, Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, 147, OEA/ser.L/V/II.71, doc. 9 rev. 1 (1986-87). [27] Amnesty International “United States of America: A time for action - Protecting the consular rights of foreign nationals facing the death penalty.” http://www.web.amnesty.org/ai.nsf/recent/AMR511062001 [28] . Adele Shank, and John B. Quigley. "Obligations to Foreigners Accused of Crime in the United States: A Failure of Enforcement." Criminal Law Forum* 9 (1999): 99-142. [29] Case Concerning the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. United States of America), International Court of Justice (April 9, 1998) <http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idocket/ipaus/ipausframe.htm>. [30] LaGrand Case (F.R.G. v. U.S.), 2001 I.C.J. (June 27), available at http://www.icj-cij.org. [31] Breard v. Greene, 523 U.S. 371, 1998 (per curiam), Republic of Paraguay v. Allen, 134 F.3d 622 (4th Cir. 1998), aff’g 949 F.Supp. 1269 (E.D. Va. 1996). [32] Federal Republic of Germany v. United States, 526 U.S. 111, 111-12 (1999) [33] Dallas Morning News, February 23, 1999. [34] David Schwartz, "Killer Loses Fight for Life," The Daily Telegraph , March 4, 1999, p. 25 [35] "German Killer dies in U.S. gas chamber," the Australian March 5, 1999, p. 12. [36] Roger Cohen, "U.S. Execution of German Stirs Anger," New York Times, March 5, 1999, p. 14 [37] The U.S. cited R v. Abbrederis, (1981) Australia, 36 A.L.R. 109, and a case from Italy. [38] Counter-Memorial of the United States of America (F.R.G. v. U.S.), I.C.J. Pleadings (Lagrand Case) 139 (March 27, 2000), available at http://www.icj-cij.org [39] Counter-Memorial of the United States of America (F.R.G. v. U.S.), I.C.J. Pleadings (Lagrand Case) 139 (March 27, 2000), available at http://www.icj-cij.org [40] [41] Henkin, Louis "BREARD: Provisional Measures, U.S. Treaty Obligations, and the States," The American Journal International Law, October, 1998 p. 679. Shank, S. Adele, and John B. Quigley. "Obligations to Foreigners Accused of Crime in the United States: A Failure of Enforcement." Criminal Law Forum 9 (1999): pp. 99-142. [42] Proceedings, American Society of International Law, 96^th Annual Meeting, March 2002, Washington D.C. [43] Ohio v. Issa, 752 N.E.2d 904, 935 (Ohio 2001) Certiorari Denied April 1, 2002 [44] Death Penalty Info Center http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/foreignnatl.html [45] Associated Press, “Rio beats San Antonio in bid to host Pan Am Games,” Aug. 24, 2002, [46] Scott Thomsen, "Legislature approves death penalty fix," Associated Press Wire, August 1, 2002 [47] Paul Davenport, AP Wire, July 17, 2002. Contents